I recently wrote a tutorial for DigitalOcean titled How to Manage Front-End JavaScript and CSS Dependencies with Bower on Ubuntu 14.04. You can view the tutorial published on their site, but since their rules allow it, I am posting it in full here also.
Introduction
Long gone are the days when we had to manually search for, download, unpack, and figure out installation directories for our front-end frameworks, libraries, and assets.
Bower is a package manager for front-end modules that are usually comprised of JavaScript and/or CSS. It lets us easily search for, install, update, or remove these front-end dependencies.
The advantage to using Bower is that you do not have to bundle external dependencies with your project when you distribute it. Bower will take care of the third-party code when you run bower install
and get those dependencies to the right locations. It also makes the final project package smaller for distribution.
In this tutorial you’ll learn how to install and use Bower on an Ubuntu 14.04 server. We’ll use to Bower to install Bootstrap and AngularJS and illustrate them running a simple application on an Nginx web server.
Prerequisites
Before we begin, there are some important steps that you need to complete:
Also, Bower needs Git, Node.js and npm.
- Install Git on your server with the following command:
sudo apt-get install git
If you want a more in-depth tutorial about setting up Git, you can take a look at How To Install Git on Ubuntu 14.04.
- Install Node.js on your server with the following command:
sudo apt-get install nodejs
If you want a more in-depth tutorial about setting up Node.js, you can take a look at How To Install Node.js on an Ubuntu 14.04 server.
- Install npm on your server with the following command:
sudo apt-get install npm
If you want a more in-depth tutorial about setting up npm, you can take a look at How To Use npm to Manage Node.js Packages on a Linux Server.
- Since we installed Node.js from a package manager your binary may be called nodejs instead of node. Since Git relies on the fact that your Node.js binary will be called node, you just need to symlink it like so:
sudo ln -s /usr/bin/nodejs /usr/bin/node
You can read more about this issue on Github, and you can learn more about the symlinking from this StackExchange question.
When you are finished with these steps, you can continue with this guide.
Step 1 — Installing Bower
Install Bower using npm:
sudo npm install bower -g
The -g switch is used to install Bower globally on your system.
Now that we have Bower installed we will continue with a practical example. In the next steps, we’ll
- Make a new Bower project
- Install Bootstrap with Bower
- Install AngularJS with Bower
- Serve the website via Nginx
At the end of this tutorial, in the Bower Reference section, you can read more about each of the Bower options.
Step 2 — Preparing Project Directory
We’ll create our Bower project in the /usr/share/nginx/html
directory so we can easily access our application as a website. This is Nginx’s default document root directory.
So, we need to change to this directory with the cd
command:
cd /usr/share/nginx/html
By default, Nginx on Ubuntu 14.04 has one server block enabled by default. It is configured to serve documents out of the aforementioned /usr/share/nginx/html
directory.
In our quick example we’ll use the default site.
For a production application, though, you should probably set up a server block for your specific domain.
Before we can do any work in the /usr/share/nginx/html
directory, we have to give our sudo user rights to it.
Change the ownership of the directory with the following command:
sudo chown -R sammy:sammy /usr/share/nginx/html/
Instead of sammy you would use your own sudo user which you created in the prerequisite Ubuntu 14.04 Initial Server Setup tutorial.
Step 3 — Initializing Bower Project
Now, inside the directory /usr/share/nginx/html
, execute the following command to make a new Bower project:
bower init
You will be asked a series of questions. For this quick example project you can just press ENTER
to select all the defaults.
See a detailed breakdown of the answers below, marked in red:
? May bower anonymously report usage statistics to improve the tool over time? Yes
? name: BowerTest
? version: 0.0.0
? description: Testing Bower
? main file: index.html
? what types of modules does this package expose? Just press ENTER
? keywords: bower angular bootstrap
? authors: Nikola Brežnjak
? license: MIT
? homepage: http://bower.example.com
? set currently installed components as dependencies? Yes
? add commonly ignored files to ignore list? Yes
? would you like to mark this package as private which prevents it from being accidentally published to the registry? No
{
name: 'BowerTest',
version: '0.0.0',
description: 'Testing Bower',
main: 'index.html',
keywords: [
'bower',
'angular',
'bootstrap'
],
authors: [
'Nikola Brežnjak'
],
license: 'MIT',
homepage: 'http://bower.example.com',
ignore: [
'**/.*',
'node_modules',
'bower_components',
'test',
'tests'
]
}
? Looks good? Yes
A few notes about these options:
- Just to revisit the note from before, you don’t need to enter any of the options when running the
bower init
command for this example project
- In the
What types of modules does this package expose?
question, you can select or deselect the options by pressing SPACEBAR
. Pressing ENTER
confirms the selection. By default none are selected, and for this simple example we don’t need any of them. You can read more about them from the official GitHub issue
- For a production project, you would want to fill out the
authors
field and other settings so that other people know more about the project
- The
homepage
setting is used only to show your own website, and has nothing to do with the settings of the actual server where you’re running this application
Now you should have a bower.json
file in your working directory (/usr/share/nginx/html/
) with the JSON content shown in the output above.
Step 4 — Installing AngularJS
AngularJS is a JavaScript framework for web applications. To install AngularJS with Bower, run the following command:
bower install angularjs --save
You can see the output of the command below:
bower angularjs#* cached git://github.com/angular/bower-angular.git#1.3.14
bower angularjs#* validate 1.3.14 against git://github.com/angular/bower-angular.git#*
bower angularjs#* new version for git://github.com/angular/bower-angular.git#*
bower angularjs#* resolve git://github.com/angular/bower-angular.git#*
bower angularjs#* download https://github.com/angular/bower-angular/archive/v1.4.3.tar.gz
bower angularjs#* progress received 0.1MB of 0.5MB downloaded, 20%
bower angularjs#* progress received 0.1MB of 0.5MB downloaded, 24%
bower angularjs#* progress received 0.5MB of 0.5MB downloaded, 98%
bower angularjs#* extract archive.tar.gz
bower angularjs#* resolved git://github.com/angular/bower-angular.git#1.4.3
bower angularjs#~1.4.3 install angularjs#1.4.3
angularjs#1.4.3 bower_components/angularjs
If you get slightly different output than the one shown above, that can be due to the fact that Bower caches packages for faster download and your package was installed from cache.
We now have AngularJS installed in the bower_components/angular
directory (or possibly the bower_components/angularjs
) directory, with the path to the minified version (which we will be using) being: bower_components/angular/angular.min.js
.
Step 5 — Installing Bootstrap
Bootstrap is a CSS framework. To install Bootstrap with Bower, run the following command:
bower install bootstrap --save
You can see the output of the command below:
bower angularjs#~1.4.3 cached git://github.com/angular/bower-angular.git#1.4.3
bower angularjs#~1.4.3 validate 1.4.3 against git://github.com/angular/bower-angular.git#~1.4.3
bower bootstrap#* cached git://github.com/twbs/bootstrap.git#3.3.5
bower bootstrap#* validate 3.3.5 against git://github.com/twbs/bootstrap.git#*
bower jquery#>= 1.9.1 cached git://github.com/jquery/jquery.git#2.1.4
bower jquery#>= 1.9.1 validate 2.1.4 against git://github.com/jquery/jquery.git#>= 1.9.1
bower angularjs#~1.4.3 install angularjs#1.4.3
bower bootstrap#~3.3.5 install bootstrap#3.3.5
bower jquery#>= 1.9.1 install jquery#2.1.4
angularjs#1.4.3 js/angularjs
bootstrap#3.3.5 js/bootstrap
└── jquery#2.1.4
jquery#2.1.4 js/jquery
We now have Bootstrap installed in the bower_components/bootstrap
directory with the path to the minified version (which we will be using) being: bower_components/bootstrap/dist/js/bootstrap.min.js
for the JavaScript file and bower_components/bootstrap/dist/css/bootstrap.min.css
for the CSS file.
Notice how jQuery was installed too, as it’s a dependency required by Bootstrap.
Step 6 — Creating a Hello World Application
Inside the /usr/share/nginx/html/
folder edit, let’s replace the default index.html
file with our own content:
mv /usr/share/nginx/html/index.html /usr/share/nginx/html/index.html.orig
Open the file for editing:
vim /usr/share/nginx/html/index.html
You can enter this content exactly:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
<title>Bootstrap 101 Template</title>
<!-- Bootstrap -->
<link href="bower_components/bootstrap/dist/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet">
</head>
<body>
<div class="container" ng-app>
<form class="form-signin">
<h2 class="form-signin-heading">What you type here:</h2>
<input ng-model="data.input" type="text" class="form-control" autofocus>
<h2 class="form-signin-heading">It will also be shown below:</h2>
<input type="text" class="sr-only">{{data.input}}</label>
</form>
</div>
<!-- jQuery (necessary for Bootstrap's JavaScript plugins) -->
<script src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/1.11.3/jquery.min.js"></script>
<!-- Include all compiled plugins (below), or include individual files as needed -->
<script src="bower_components/bootstrap/dist/js/bootstrap.min.js"></script>
<script src="bower_components/angular/angular.min.js"></script>
</body>
</html>
Depending on how Bower installs AngularJS on your system, the path to the script might be bower_components/angularjs/angular.min.js
rather than bower_components/angular/angular.min.js
.
Now we have a simple Hello World type example application using Boostrap with AngularJS, running on Nginx.
(This is basically the example Signin Template from Bootstrap where the content inside the <body>
tag has a simple form with two input fields.)
To view this example app, you should navigate in your browser to the IP of your Droplet; something like http://your_server_ip/
. You should see something like the image below:
If you type something in the text box field, the exact same content will appear below, using the AngularJS two-way data binding.
If you don’t get any output, try restarting Nginx with the following command:
sudo service nginx restart
If you want to learn more about AngularJS, visit the official documentation at https://docs.angularjs.org/tutorial. If you wish to learn more about Bootstrap, visit the official documentation at http://getbootstrap.com/getting-started/.
If you want to be able to access your web server via a domain name, instead of its public IP address, purchase a domain name then follow these tutorials:
Bower Reference
Now that we’ve gone through a practical example with Bower, let’s look at some of its general capabilities.
Installing Packages
To install a package (for example, AngularJS or Bootstrap) we would need to run the following command:
bower install package
Instead of package
, enter the exact name of the package you want to install. The package can be a GitHub shorthand, a Git endpoint, a URL, and a lot more.
You can also install a specific version of a certain package.
Find out more about all the available options for installing via Bower’s official documentation on installing.
Searching Packages
You can search for packages via this online tool or by using the Bower CLI. To search for packages using the Bower CLI, use the following command:
bower search package
For example, if we would like to install AngularJS, but we’re unsure about the correct package name, or we would like to see all the available packages for AngularJS, we can execute the following command:
bower search angularjs
We would get an output similar to this:
Search results:
angularjs-nvd3-directives git://github.com/cmaurer/angularjs-nvd3-directives.git
AngularJS-Toaster git://github.com/jirikavi/AngularJS-Toaster.git
angularjs git://github.com/angular/bower-angular.git
angular-facebook git://github.com/Ciul/Angularjs-Facebook.git
angularjs-file-upload git://github.com/danialfarid/angular-file-upload-bower.git
angularjs-rails-resource git://github.com/FineLinePrototyping/dist-angularjs-rails-resource
angularjs-geolocation git://github.com/arunisrael/angularjs-geolocation.git
In order to install AngularJS you would then simply execute the following command:
bower install angularjs
Saving Packages
When starting a project with Bower, it’s standard to start with running the init
command:
bower init
This will guide you through creating a bower.json
file, which Bower uses for project configuration. The process might look like this:
? name: howto-bower
? version: 0.0.0
? description:
? main file:
? what types of modules does this package expose?
? keywords:
? authors: Nikola Breznjak <[email protected]>
? license: MIT
? homepage: https://github.com/Hitman666/jsRockstar
? set currently installed components as dependencies? Yes
? add commonly ignored files to ignore list? Yes
? would you like to mark this package as private which prevents it from being accidentally published to the registry? No
{
name: 'howto-bower',
version: '0.0.0',
homepage: 'https://github.com/Hitman666/jsRockstar',
authors: [
'Nikola Breznjak <[email protected]>'
],
license: 'MIT',
ignore: [
'**/.*',
'node_modules',
'bower_components',
'test',
'tests'
]
}
? Looks good? Yes
Now, if you install any of the packages using the --save
switch, they will be saved to the bower.json
file, in the dependencies object. For example, if we installed AngularJS with the following command:
bower install angularjs --save
Then our bower.json
file would look something like this (note the dependencies object):
{
"name": "howto-bower",
"version": "0.0.0",
"homepage": "https://github.com/Hitman666/jsRockstar",
"authors": [
"Nikola Breznjak <[email protected]>"
],
"license": "MIT",
"ignore": [
"**/.*",
"node_modules",
"bower_components",
"test",
"tests"
],
"dependencies": {
"angularjs": "~1.4.3"
}
}
Uninstalling Packages
To uninstall a Bower package, simply run the following command:
bower uninstall package
This will uninstall a package from your bower_component
directory (or any other directory you’ve defined in the .bowerrc
file (more about configuration in the next section).
Configuring Bower with .bowerrc
To configure Bower, you have to create a file called .bowerrc
. (Notice the dot – it means it’s a hidden file in a Linux environment.)
Create the .bowerrc
file in the root directory of your project (alongside the bower.json
file). You can have one .bowerrc
file per project, with different settings.
Bower lets you configure many options using this file, which you can read more about in the configuration options from the official documentation.
One useful option is the directory
option, which lets you to customize the folder in which Bower saves all its packages.
To set this simple option, create a .bowerrc
file that looks like this:
{
"directory": "js/"
}
Conclusion
After completing this tutorial, you should know how to use Bower to install the dependencies for a simple AngularJS application.
You should also have an idea of how to use Bower for your own custom applications.
If you have any questions or you ran into problems with following the steps in this tutorial, please share them in the comments, I’ll make sure I reply promptly to them.